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Project

Institute of Parasitology

International Projects

(OneHealthdrugs) - One Health drugs against parasitic vector borne diseases in Europe and beyond

Jednotné nové lieky proti parazitickým ochoreniam prenášaných vektormi v Európe a iných územiach

Duration: 24. 10. 2022 - 24. 10. 2026
Evidence number:CA21111
Program: COST
Project leader: RNDr. Hrčková Gabriela DrSc.

NeCeBiVet - National Centre for Biotechnology in Veterinary Medicine

Národné Centrum Biotechnológií vo Veterinárnej Medicíne

Duration: 1. 1. 2023 - 31. 12. 2028
Evidence number:TN02000017
Program: Iné
Project leader: prof. MVDr. Várady Marián DrSc.
Annotation:The aim of the project is to build a long-term base of applied research, through the concentration of research capacities of 7 research organizations in the field of biotechnology in veterinary medicine, animal production and related fields. The impact of the project is to ensure the sustainable production of quality and safe food of animal origin in terms of implementing policies to reduce antibiotic consumption, improve the welfare of farmed animals, maintain biodiversity in the landscape and the principles of circular economy. The results generated in the project in the form of new or innovative products or services should increase the competitiveness of the participating companies. During 6 years of the project min. 30 sub-projects is planned with expected min. 35 innovative outputs.

ONEHEALTH - One Health concept & water-borne parasitic diseases in Central Europe: next-generation monitoring

One Health koncept a ľudské parazitózy viazané na vodné prostredie v strednej Európe: monitorovanie pomocou sekvenovania novej generácie

Duration: 1. 7. 2022 - 30. 6. 2025
Evidence number:SK-CZ-RD-21-0078
Program: Medzivládna dohoda
Project leader: RNDr. Oros Mikuláš DrSc.
Annotation:The proposed project in the framework of the development of international science and innovation between the two Central European countries focuses on cooperation in the application of the One Health concept, i.e. focusing on the triad of humans, animals and the environment. The main objective is to address the neglected problem of the current occurrence of water-borne zoonoses and their potential risk to human health. The bird schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch), fish-borne trematodes responsible for metagonimosis and opisthorchosis, and the broad fish tapeworm causing diphyllobothriosis were selected for their importance and confirmed occurrence in Central Europe. The originality and innovativeness of the proposed project lies in its integrative research strategy based on a combination of traditional invasive parasitological methods and modern non-invasive eDNA metabarcoding as a powerful tool for large-scale screening of human parasites. The proposed project represents a continuation of the previous fruitful collaboration between both teams, but at a qualitatively higher level and with a shift from veterinary to medical parasitology.

CERVITICK - The role of wild animals in circulation of vector-borne pathogens and options for bio-control of Ixodes ricinus ticks

Úloha voľne žijúcich zvierat v cirkulácii vektormi-prenášaných pôvodcov nákaz a možnosti biologickej kontroly Ixodes ricinus

Duration: 1. 4. 2024 - 31. 12. 2025
Evidence number: SK-SRB-23-0046
Program: Medzivládna dohoda
Project leader: RNDr. Víchová Bronislava PhD.
Annotation:The transmission of infectious agents between wild animals and humans is of great interest to scientists. It is estimated that more than 70% of reported human infectious diseases originate in wildlife and that vector-borne pathogens have been responsible for nearly 30% of all infectious diseases in recent decades. In order to protect common health, it is crucial to understand the transmission cycles of pathogens, to identify the wi ld reservoirs of disease agents, as well as the vectors that ensure the spread of infectious agents. Deer are an important source of blood for ticks (Ixodidae), but at the same time they play an active role in the epidemiology of a whole range of pathogens. Their number and distribution are increasing. As a result of global changes, there are changes in the distribution of hosts, vectors, pathogens and parasites. Many appear in places where they did not occur in the past due to unsuitable environmental conditions. They stay here for a short time, but they are often able to establish relatively stable populations in a relatively short time. They spread to higher altitudes, to urban areas, recreation zones in cities and occur in the immediate vicinity of humans. Mixed infections and the existence of intraspecies genetic variability of the causative agents of diseases are an increasing problem, which considerably worsens the diagnosis as well as the course of the disease. The presented project aims to use molecular methods to identify selected species of bacterial and protozoan pathogens in wild animals and in ticks from the genus Ixodes in geographically distant locations in Slovakia and Serbia with comparable climatological characteristics of the model areas. At the same time, ticks from the vegetation will be screened for the presence of hyperparasitic wasps of the genus Ixodiphagus (Hymenoptera), which represent an interesting candidate in the biological control of ticks, and thus can significantly influence the dynamics of infections.
Project web page:https://portal.apvv.sk/index.aspx?Module=Application&Page=Project&MenuID=287&ProjectID=28904&Area=projectdocumentlist

ENVIRANT - Environmental impact of anthelmintics in livestock and alternatives to minimize their use (ENVIRANT)

Vplyv anthelmintík na životné prostredie v chovoch hospodárskych zvierat a alternatívy minimalizácie ich používania (ENVIRANT)

Duration: 10. 10. 2024 - 9. 10. 2028
Evidence number:CA23154
Program: COST
Project leader: prof. MVDr. Várady Marián DrSc.
Annotation:Pasture-based animal production systems play a vital role in promoting sustainable farming practices in Europe. These systems rely on grass grazing as an affordable feed source on the farm. However, these systems have certain disadvantages, particularly concerning animal health since grazing livestock are very susceptible to infections caused by helminth parasites. These infections can impose a substantial economic burden on the food production system and the most commonly used method for their control is the administration of anthelmintic drugs. However, these drugs have been considered recently emerging contaminants because their presence in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems poses significant environmental risks. Under this context, the objective of ENVIRNAT is to advance, consolidate and disseminate research and knowledge on the environmental occurrence and ecological impact of anthelmintics administered to livestock and to propose more sustainable practices and methods to minimize their use in the control of helminth infections. This Action aims to (i) to monitor the sale, use and efficacy of anthelmintics in European livestock farming; (ii) to investigate factors related to farming practices, the environment and climatic conditions that favour the persistence of anthelmintics in the environment; (iii) to assess the impact of anthelmintic residues on ecosystems; (iv) to develop sustainable methods to reduce the use of anthelmintics in a variety of European settings; (v) to conduct socio-psychological research on barriers that may arise in the implementation of sustainable methods; (vi) to model the impact of anthelmintic use, considering both animal health benefits and ecosystem risks through benefit-risk assessment.
Project web page:https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA23154/

National Projects

PARAPLAN - The future of parasitic treatment in small ruminants: Strategy and choice for global sustainability

Budúcnosť liečby parazitóz u malých prežúvavcov: Stratégia a voľby pre globálnu udržateľnosť

Duration: 1. 9. 2024 - 31. 8. 2026
Evidence number:09I03-03-V04-00200
Program: Plán obnovy EÚ
Project leader: prof. MVDr. Várady Marián DrSc.
Annotation:Diseases caused by helminths of farm animals are among the most serious infectious diseases. They account for over 55% of all livestock diseases in Europe and cause significant losses in animal production figures. The spread of anthelmintic resistance in livestock parasites has led to the failure of therapy and the need to develop new strategies and recommendations for effective control of the antihelminthic parasite resistance. The project offers an alternative to currently used chemotherapy solutions to ruminant parasitosis, namely the concept of using herbal nutraceuticals and trace elements such as feed additives and the concept of enriched pasture. Effective therapy of parasitic diseases through the management of grazing systems can not only improve production efficiency but also reduce the environmental burden in ruminant farms.

The future of parasitological surveys – non invasive detection of infective stages of pathogenic helminths in aquatic ecosystems

Budúcnosť parazitologických prieskumov – neinvazívna detekcia infekčných štádií patogénnych helmintov vo vodných ekosystémoch

Duration: 1. 1. 2024 - 31. 12. 2027
Evidence number:2/0130/24
Program: VEGA
Project leader: MVDr. Barčák Daniel PhD.
Annotation:The proposed project studies the biodiversity and distribution of pathogenic flukes in aquatic ecosystems in Slovakia using non invasive genetic methods. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) will allow us to avoid the destructive and time-consuming examination of vertebrate hosts, and to focus on free-living infectious stages in water and larvae of potential pathogens in intermediate snail hosts. The following model groups will be studied: i) avian schistosomes, whose free-swimming larvae (cercariae) cause cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch) in humans, ii) fish-borne heterophyid trematodes as causative agents of anthropozoonotic intestinal trematodoses, and iii) fish pathogens that threaten fish in aquacultures. The optimisation of this cutting edge method will provide a relatively simple and effective tool for large-scale screening of water-borne pathogens.

TrEnD - The environmental DNA-based detection of Trichobilharzia spp., parasitic agents of cercarial dermatitis

Detekcia Trichobilharzia spp., parazitárnych pôvodcov cerkáriovej dermatitídy, vo vzorkách environmentálnej DNA

Duration: 1. 9. 2024 - 21. 8. 2026
Evidence number:09I03-03-V04-00449
Program: Plán obnovy EÚ
Project leader: MVDr. Barčák Daniel PhD.
Annotation:The safe environment is an imperative in developed countries in 21st century, however there are neglected threats, which still persist in some European countries. One of them is a parasitic disease known as the cercarial dermatitis, which is caused by free-swimming larvae of avian schistosomes, and mostly manifests as itching skin lesions in people engaged in water-based recreational activities. These parasites are monitored in the most of the Central European countries, but almost no data exists regarding their distribution and species diversity in Slovakia. Moreover, their screening is still based on laborious collection of their intermediate hosts, aquatic snails, and their examination in laboratory. The TrEnD project proposes a cutting-edge method of the detection of Trichobilharzia spp. using an environmental metabarcoding approach coupled with the Next Generation Sequencing. The main objectives are (1) optimisation of this technique on the selected locality in Košice city (Slovakia), where the parasite has been previously confirmed by traditional methods, (2) application of the optimised protocol to reveal environmental factors that influence distribution of the cercariae and determine health risk assessment, and (3) to raise awareness about the cercarial dermatitis in Slovak population. The stakeholders of the TrEnD are the scientific community, the medical authorities and the general population. The researchers involved in the study of avian schistomosomes or closely related taxa will acquire a rapid, cost-effective and non-invasive tool for screening of distribution and species diversity of avian schistosomes. Further standardisation of this method creates a simple tool, which is applicable by the Public Health Authorities for routine monitoring of quality of superficial waters. The public will gain important information about the unpleasant parasitic disease, its clinical signs, and risk factors which increase a probability of the infection. Moreover, the TrEnD project will provide a strong stimulus for my scientific career and also help to implement this modern method in the Institute of Parasitology in Košice.

Diversity of soil nematodes and activity of microorganisms of Carpathian forests in relation to climate change

Diverzita pôdnych nematód a aktivita mikroorganizmov karpatských lesov vo vzťahu ku klimatickej zmene

Duration: 1. 1. 2024 - 31. 12. 2027
Evidence number:2/0007/24
Program: VEGA
Project leader: Ing. Renčo Marek PhD.
Annotation:At present, the one of the biggest environmental, social and economic threats belong climate changes. An increase in the average overall temperature in Europe is predicted as result in an increased frequency of climate extremes. In such conditions, there is a high probability that vulnerable forest ecosystems will be exposed to the increased frequency and intensity of stress caused by the living components of the environment. One of them is non-native, invasive species of trees that spread spontaneously and can completely change the habitats character. The project aims to analyze the impact of selected invasive tree species on soil organisms (bacteria, fungi, nematodes), soil physical and biochemical properties of the Carpathian forests. Evaluate the state of the soil environment of native and invasion altered habitats using soil Nematoda and microorganisms as bio-indicators. Our findings could predict the potential impact of the spread of non-native tree species on the biodiversity of the Carpathian forests.

EpiRodent - Small mammals as reservoir for zoonotic pathogens in an urbanizing world – epidemiology and genetic diversity.

Drobné cicavce ako rezervoár zoonóznych patogénov v urbanizujúcom sa svete - epidemiológia a genetická diverzita

Duration: 1. 7. 2022 - 30. 6. 2026
Evidence number:APVV-21-0166
Program: APVV
Project leader: MVDr. Miterpáková Martina DrSc.
Annotation:The research project is focused on the transmission of zoonotic pathogens of parasitic Capillaria hepatica, Trichinella spp., Toxocara spp., Echinococcus multilocularis, Hymenolepis spp., Toxoplasma gondii) and bacterial (Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia spp., etc.) origin through their reservoir hosts – rodents and insectivores. The topic is very closely related to the current intensive urbanization, which is significantly connected with natural habitats modification and changes in the wildlife species distribution. In addition, the common environment shared by urbanized animal species with humans and the zoonotic nature of many pathogens pose a serious risk to public health risks. The presented project aims to conduct complex zoological and epidemiological research providing antecedent information on species spectrum of the reservoir hosts and the pathogens transmitted by them in various habitats of the urban and suburban environment; the phylogenetic analyzes of the obtained isolates will be performed, and the degree of potential infection risk from the veterinary and public health point of view will be determined. The added value of the project consists in the high probability of acquiring rare and precious biological material which can be used also for other biological and medical researches.

Epidemiology, genetic variability and health risk of zoonotic parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. in urban and rural ecosystems of Slovakia

Epidemiológia, genetická variabilita a zdravotné riziká zoonóznych parazitov Toxoplasma gondii a Toxocara spp. v urbánnych a rurálnych ekosystémoch Slovenska

Duration: 1. 1. 2024 - 31. 12. 2027
Evidence number:VEGA 2/0024/24
Program: VEGA
Project leader: MVDr. Antolová Daniela DrSc.
Annotation:Toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis are parasitic zoonoses occurring also in climatic and geographic conditions of Slovakia and important in both, human and veterinary medicine. Toxoplasmosis in particular can cause serious or even fatal health problems in immunocompromised persons and pregnant women. Project will bring priority results about the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. in patients with immunosuppression, persons in different risk of infection and in children from different socioeconomic conditions. The occurrence of toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in domestic and wild animals used for food production and in sentinel species will be monitored aiming to identify human infection risk. Valuable information about the role of different animal species in the spread of pathogens in urban and rural habitats will be obtained and the level of infection risk from the point of view of public health and veterinary medicine will be determined. Phylogenetic analyses of isolates will be also performed.

Factors driving a host-parasite network turnover - from local to continental metacommunities

Faktory ovplyvňujúce obmenu sietí parazit-hostiteľ - od lokálnych ku kontinentálnym metaspoločenstvám

Duration: 1. 7. 2023 - 30. 6. 2027
Evidence number:APVV-22-0440
Program: APVV
Project leader: RNDr. Hromadová Ivica DrSc.

Assessment of the rate of anthropogenic load in some regions of eastern Slovakia using poikilothermic animals and their endohelminths

Hodnotenie miery antropogénnej záťaže vybraných oblastí východného Slovenska s využitím studenokrvných živočíchov a ich endohelmintov

Duration: 1. 1. 2024 - 31. 12. 2027
Evidence number:2/0052/24
Program: VEGA
Project leader: RNDr. Brázová Tímea PhD.
Annotation:Due to increasing anthropic activities, pollutants such as heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr) and organic substances (PAHs and pesticides) are released into the environment, posing a threat to human and animal health. These contaminants can have teratogenic and mutagenic effects on living organisms. This project aims to evaluate the degree of environmental pollution in selected areas of eastern Slovakia using poikilothermic animals (frogs and fish) and their parasites as bioindicators. In addition, the project goal is to examine the effect of parasites on their hosts in a contaminated environment. To achieve the aims, the helminth fauna of frogs in eastern Slovakia will be determined for the first time. We expect that our results will provide new knowledge about the ecological state of the investigated localities, the physiological state of animals and potential risks for the inhabitants of the given areas. The practical outcomes of this study can be directly used in the fishery and agricultural practices.

Ivermectin - antiparasitic therapy in small ruminants, resistance and residues in food

Ivermektín - antiparazitárna terapia u malých prežúvavcov, rezistencia a reziduá v potravinách.

Duration: 1. 1. 2022 - 31. 12. 2025
Evidence number:VEGA 2/0090/22
Program: VEGA
Project leader: prof. MVDr. Várady Marián DrSc.

Varroa destructor, a serious parasite of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) in Slovakia: genetic structure and relationships with geographically distant populations"

Klieštik včelí (Varroa destructor), závažný parazit včely medonosnej (Apis melifera) na území Slovenska: aká je jeho genetická štruktúra a vzťahy s geograficky vzdialenými populáciami?

Duration: 1. 7. 2024 - 31. 12. 2025
Evidence number:APD0072
Program: PostdokGrant
Project leader: RNDr. Halapy Júlia PhD.

INTERDISP - The intercontinental dispersal and evolutionary history of multi-host Dibothriocephalus tapeworms

Medzikontinentálne šírenie a evolučná história viachostiteľských pásomníc rodu Dibothriocephalus

Duration: 1. 7. 2024 - 30. 6. 2028
Evidence number:APVV-23-0390
Program: APVV
Project leader: RNDr. Hromadová Ivica DrSc.

Molecular and phylogeographical studies of causative agents of emerging zoonoses - alveolar and cystic echinococcosis.

Molekulárne a fylogeografické štúdie pôvodcov vynárajúcich sa zoonóz - alveolárnej a cystickej echinokokózy

Duration: 1. 1. 2022 - 31. 12. 2025
Evidence number:VEGA 2/0157/22
Program: VEGA
Project leader: RNDr. Šnábel Viliam CSc.
Annotation:Alveolar and cystic echinococcoses, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato cestodes, are of increasing public health concern in Europe. The project is designed to better recognize patterns of dissemination of E. multilocularis in the Eurasian continent, and the current distribution of species lines, which often differ in infectivity. In E. granulosus s.l., attention will be paid to track the occurrence of the virulent E. granulosus sensu stricto in central-eastern Europe that has recently spread northward from the endemic Mediterranean region. Phylogeographical relationship in Echinococcus canadensis and E. granulosus s.s. will be evaluated to indicate historical movements and the current dispersion of their variants in the eastern Europe and Russia. In G1 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus s.s., biological characteristics will be evaluated to delineate until which extent they correlate with genetic differences and whether they pose a comparable threat to human infection.

Scholarships for excellent researchers threatened by the war conflict in Ukraine

Štipendiá pre excelentných výskumníkov ohrozených vojnovým konfliktom na Ukrajine

Duration: 1. 1. 2023 - 31. 12. 2025
Evidence number:09I03-03-V01-00046
Program: Iné projekty
Project leader: MSc. Syrota Yaroslav PhD.

Scholarships for excellent researchers threatened by the war conflict in Ukraine

Štipendiá pre excelentných výskumníkov ohrozených vojnovým konfliktom na Ukrajine

Duration: 1. 10. 2022 - 30. 9. 2025
Evidence number:09I03-03-V01-00017
Program: Iné projekty
Project leader: prof. HDR. MSc. Sarabeev Volodimir PhD.

Scholarships for excellent researchers threatened by the war conflict in Ukraine

Štipendiá pre excelentných výskumníkov ohrozených vojnovým konfliktom na Ukrajine

Duration: 1. 10. 2022 - 30. 9. 2025
Evidence number:09I03-03-V01-00015
Program: Iné projekty
Project leader: MSc. Kuzmina Tetiana PhD.

Therapeutic potential of bacteriocins in intestinal and extraintestinal parasitozoonoses and mechanisms of their beneficial effects

Terapeutický potenciál bakteriocínov pri črevných a mimočrevných parazitozoonózach a mechanizmy ich prospešných účinkov.

Duration: 1. 1. 2023 - 31. 12. 2026
Evidence number:VEGA 2/0077/23
Program: VEGA
Project leader: MVDr. Dvorožňáková Emília PhD.
Annotation:As an alternative biological therapy for severe parasitic zoonoses (alveolar echinococcosis, trichinellosis), the protective effect of bacteriocins (Enterocin M, Durancin-like, Enterocin EMML2 /2, Enterocin 412) produced by Enterococcus strains will be examined. Bacteriocinogenic activity will be evaluated in the interactions between bacteriocin application, induction of immune effectors and elimination of the parasite. The immunomodulatory (activation, regulation/suppression) effects of bacteriocins will be monitored on critical immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes). Detection of host immune responses (locally and overall) to a specific bacteriocin can identify relevant effector molecules in cellular signaling pathways useful in antiparasitic defense. The obtained results reveal bacteriocin-specific mechanisms of immunological control of parasites (Trichinella spiralis and Echinococcus multilocularis) and help select suitable candidates for prophylaxy or therapy of parasitic infections.

Therapy using plants with anthelmintic effect and their effect on the ultrastructure of the parasite Haemonchus contortus

Terapia pomocou rastlín s antihelmintickým účinkom a ich vplyv na ultraštruktúru parazita Haemonchus contortus

Duration: 1. 7. 2024 - 31. 12. 2025
Evidence number:APD0107
Program: PostdokGrant
Project leader: RNDr. Komáromyová Michaela PhD.
Annotation:The trend of a healthy lifestyle is growing worldwide and is transferring to animal production, as people prefer animal products from animals raised on organic farms. Animal production has to face a number of diseases, including parasitic ones, which are currently eliminated almost exclusively by synthetic anthelmintics. Plants have their irreplaceable place in traditional medicine around the world in the treatment of human and animal diseases, and their therapeutic effects have been known for centuries. The healing properties of plants are mainly ensured by the content of bioactive substances and secondary plant metabolites, which are mainly attributed to positive immunomodulating and antioxidant properties. However, they can also be proven to act directly against various parasitic stages - by damaging their vital structures. The proposed project aims to observe ultrastructural changes in parasites exposed in vivo and in vitro to the effect of plants as alternative anthelmintics. More detailed information on possible morphological and ultrastructural changes caused by plant antiparasitics can help to supplement information on reactions at the physiological level. As a result of the observations, any recorded ultrastructural changes could help clarify the mechanism of the anthelmintic effect of herbal/alternative therapeutics.

Effect of environmental pollution on the functional morphology and chromosome of fish parasites

Vplyv environmentálnej záťaže na funkčnú morfológiu a chromozómy rybích parazitov

Duration: 1. 1. 2023 - 31. 12. 2026
Evidence number:VEGA 2/0093/23
Program: VEGA
Project leader: RNDr. Orosová Martina PhD.
Annotation:The rapid development of chemical technologies is accompanied by the release of large amounts of chemicals into all parts of the environment, where they threaten health of organisms on Earth. Zemplínska Šírava reservoir is an ecologically disturbed ecosystem, heavily contaminated with PCB compounds. The aim of the project is to study the impact of the polluted environment on the development of morphological anomalies and on the structure of chromosomes of intestinal parasites of fish. For the first time, in addition to classical and molecular karyological techniques, a new approach to identify DNA repeats in the genome of parasites (RepeatExplorer) will be used to obtain suitable chromosomal markers. We expect that the FISH mapping of these markers in ecologically diverse populations will provide original information that can answer questions about the likely impact of high anthropogenic pollution on the chromosomes of the parasitic organisms studied, with potential use as sensitive bioindicators.

The influence of the presence of parasitic wasps Ixodiphagus spp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on the ecology of selected tick-borne pathogens and the dynamics of infectious diseases

Vplyv prítomnosti parazitických osičiek Ixodiphagus spp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) na ekológiu vybraných kliešťami prenášaných patogénov a dynamiku infekčných ochorení

Duration: 1. 1. 2024 - 31. 12. 2027
Evidence number:VEGA 2/0051/24
Program: VEGA
Project leader: RNDr. Víchová Bronislava PhD.
Annotation:Global changes bring challenges related to vectors, pathogens, and the need to develop control methods and measures. The fight against vectors often consists only of the use of acaricides, and alternative approaches based on biological control remain in the background. One of the methods of combating vectors is the use of parasitoid wasps (Ixodiphagus spp.). Monitoring the occurrence and host preference of wasps in areas with sympatric occurrence of several tick species that transmit specific pathogens and parasites is of indisputable importance from the point of view of protecting human and animal health. The study of the interactions between the tick, the parasitoid, and the components of their microbiome, and the assessment of possible correlations with the occurrence of pathogenic agents, is essential for understanding the dynamics of vector-borne diseases. The project is focused on the study of the potential role of parasitic wasps and selected species of symbionts in the control of infectious diseases.

Projects total: 24