Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
Volume 40, No 1-2, 1998
Gustav A. LIENERT, Thomas H. RAMMSAYER
Erziehungswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Regensburgerstr. 160, D-90478 Nürnberg,
Germany
Georg-Elias-Müller-Institut für Psychologie, Universität
Göttingen, Gosslerstr. 14, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany
Abstract: The influence of Eysenck's basic dimensions of personality on precision of timing has been investigated by means of stepwise prediction configural frequency analysis. For this purpose a sample of N = 48 male subjects was tested by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) and two temporal discrimination tasks. While precision of timing of brief intervals in the range of milliseconds was found to be unrelated to EPQ-R scale patterns or single EPQ-R scales, precision of timing of longer intervals ranging from 1 to 2 seconds was shown to be significantly associated with the personality dimension of psychoticism (P). Precision of timing was much better in high-P than in low-P subjects. Furthermore, introverted low-P subjects performed more poorly than subjects of all the other EPQ-R configurations.
Key words: configural frequency analysis, time estimation,
personality, EPQ, nonparametric testing
pp. 5-16
Andrea KÜBLER, Boris KOTCHOUBEY, Nimr GHANAYIM, Thilo
HINTERBERGER, Jouri PERELMOUTER, Margarete SCHAUER, Christoph
FRITSCH, Niels BIRBAUMER
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University
of Tübingen, Gartenstr. 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
Abstract: The summarized data about brain computer communication strongly create the hope that in a few years a system usable for many locked-in patients will be available. It seems to be necessary to combine operant conditioning strategies with sophisticated methods of EEG-analysis in order to find the specific structure of the individual brain response to be trained.
Key words: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), brain-computer
interface, sensorimotor rhythm, slow cortical potentials, thought
translation
pp. 17-31
Ida KURCZ
Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Faculty of
Psychology, University of Warsaw, ul. Podlesna 61, 01 673 Warszawa,
Poland
Abstract: Starting from the definition of a stereotype as mental image (or belief) of social categories which is oversimplified, false, rigid and change resistant, each point of this definition has come under question. The relation between stereotypes and behavior is treated as indirect since stereotype can function as a cognitive component of prejudice. The main topic of the article concerns stereotype change: some examples of such changes are shown in the time perspective and (based on the author's own data) in the perspective of an individual. Two main groups of theories explaining stereotype change are presented, namely, the contact hypothesis and the hypotheses of manipulation of the category of others. Limits to stereotype changes are looked at in automatic processes of stereotyping and in conformist strategies of overt versus covert ways of stereotype expressions.
Key words: stereotype, prejudice, social cognition
pp. 33-46
Janek MUSEK
Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerèeva
2, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Abstract: Since the beginning of organized religious and political life, value orientations have been an integral part of the programs of religious and political movements or leaders. Differences in value orientations have been traditionally reported for religious people and atheists, conservatives and liberals (radicals), rightists and leftists, democratic and authoritarian political movements. Thus, a question might be raised whether political and religious preferences are substantially related to value orientations of individuals. The results of our studies confirmed significant connections between political and religious adherence and value orientation of Slovenian subjects. Groups of subjects with different political orientation differed clearly in the rated importance of single values and common value categories. Thus, leftist political orientation and non-religiosity correlated with the higher importance of dionysian values (dealing with hedonism, materialism, success and social power orientation), while rightist political orientation and religiosity correlated with the higher importance of apollonian values (moral, prosocial, cultural and personal fulfillment orientation). The results are discussed also in the context of the ongoing ideological and sociopolitical changes and developments in Slovenia and other post-communist ("transitional") societies in Europe.
Key words: values, religiosity, political preferences,
hedonism, prosocial behavior
pp. 47-59
O¾ga HALMIOVÁ, Alena POTAŠOVÁ
Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Dúbravská cesta 9, 813 64 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Abstract: The study reports on the problems and findings of an extensive experimental research project involving cognitive processes in the context of social contact which was conducted in the 1980's at the Institute of Experimental Psychology (IEPs), Slovak Academy of Science.
Key words: social contact, cognitive processes
pp. 61-67
Alexander THOMAS
Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, 930
40 Regensburg, Germany
Abstract: European integration poses great demands on
the European's competence in intercultural performance. Increasing
numbers of people will have to cooperate in Europe - be this on
a professional or private basis - the quality expected of these
intercultural encounters rising steadily.
Are we sufficiently prepared for this? Viewed from a psychological
perspective, which specific demands will be asked of the people's
way of thinking and of their actions?
Possibilities of solving and coping with such demands are offered
by developing and making use of critical incident based trainings
in order to ameliorate the quality of intercultural competence.
Key words: intercultural cooperation in Europe, intercultural
communication, intercultural competence, intercultural training
pp. 69-78
Marko POLIÈ
Department of Psychology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerèeva
2, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Abstract: Adults have different knowledge about their children's health and illness, and behave according to this naive knowledge. Parents (N = 216) of kindergarten children were questioned about their beliefs and possible behavior regarding their children's health and illness. Questions covered perception of different health signs, factors that influence a call to the physician, usual domestic illness countermeasures, perception of competence of different persons regarding healing, promotion of health, etc. It was clearly shown that parents maintain a prototype of children's illness (with high temperature as its most important sign, and its lowering as a main countermeasure), that experience with illness gives the expertise for healing, etc. A model of parents' behavior regarding illness of their children is proposed.
Key words: attribution, conceptions of children's illness,
health psychology, illness prototype, naive medicine, symptom
perception
pp. 79-93
Elfriede M. EDERER
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Graz, A-8010
Graz, Merangasse 70, Austria
Abstract: Although children may be the best source of information regarding their feelings and self-perceptions, there are severe limitations of self-report measures of depressive symptoms especially for preschool children. Obviously, it is necessary to complement such data by information on the behavior of the child in various social-environmental domains, as it is reflected in the views of parents and teachers. In this study, data regarding the signs of depression in young children were compared. The following measures were administered to a sample of 90 preschool children, their parents and teachers: The Preschool Symptom Self- Report (Martini, Strayhorn, Puig-Antich, 1987), a pictorial tool including a version for children as well as a version for parents; a rating scale for parents based on the Depression Test for Children (Rossmann, 1993); and a rating scale for preschool teachers adapted from the Children's Depression Scale for Classrooms (Morris, 1992). Empirical data with regard to the psychometric criteria of the measures are reported and the results concerning the low relationship between the child's reports on depressive symptoms and the reports of parents and teachers are discussed with respect to possible sources of informant variability.
Key words: preschool children, depressive symptoms,
pictorial tool, self-report, parent assessment, teacher rating,
reliability, informant variability
pp. 95-106
Jiøí HOSKOVEC, Eduardo CASAS
Department of Psychology, Charles University, Celetná 20,
110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
University of Ottawa, Canada
Abstract: The article reports psychometric results of the project undertaken to validate a Czech version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The Czech questionnaire was administered to 659 Czech students. Excellent results provided evidence for a degree of reliability that warranted continuing the validation studies. The Czech version shows also an adequate construct and discriminant validity. It is suitable for further research and application.
Key words: MBTI - Czech version, Psychological Types
of Czech students
pp. 107-114
Michal STRÍŽENEC
Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Dúbravská cesta 9, 813 64 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Abstract: An overview of the author's studies published in Studia Psychologica from the beginning of its existence until today. It reveals the various changes in the focus of his theoretical and research work.
Key words: changes in study focus, Studia Psychologica
pp. 115-118
Pál RÓKUSFALVY
Bartók B. út 35, 11453 Budapest, Hungary
Abstract: Historically, axiologically and philosophically saturated study concerning psychological peripeteia in searching for the core of psychological cognition as a modern science. On the basis of more recent movements - humanistic and environmental psychology - the historical importance of the work of Hungarian psychologists D.H. Várkonyi and F. Lénárd is becoming evident. Individual chapters reveal the value approach of the author (paraphrasing): truthfulness and trustworthiness as necessary preconditions in searching for psychological truth. The point of reference is child psychology, the subject matter of psychology is man in his entirety. So the problem of time-dependency of science and scientists, the real problem of today (the end of the 2nd millennium) is basically a psychological one! What is involved here is a total humanity of not only psychology but all sciences.
Key words: man, psychological movements, C.G. Jung,
humanity
pp. 119-127
Josef BROŽEK (ret.), Jiøí HOSKOVEC
Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, The Plaza, Apt. 220,
St. Paul, MN 55116-3063, USA
Department of Psychology, Charles University, Celetná 20,
110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic
Abstract: The Center (Ústredòa) for Vocational Counseling was founded in Prague in 1920. A year later, it joined the recently established Psychotechnical Institute, created in the framework of the Masaryk Academy of Labor. In Bohemia, J. Lancová served as the general secretary of the Board (Odbor) for the establishment of vocational guidance services; additional outstanding contributors to the development of vocational guidance included A. Ivanov, O. Øíha, C. Stejskal, F. Šeracký, and J. Váòa. In Moravia, V. Chmelaø, associated with Brno's Masaryk University, did a great deal to facilitate the development of vocational counseling services in numerous localities. In Slovakia, the movement owed a great deal to J. Stavìl, a Czech psychologist dispatched to Bratislava by Prague's Psychotechnical Institute in the 1920s. In 1938, the leading role in the field of Slovak applied psychology was taken over by A. Jurovský.
Key words: MBTI - Czech version, Psychological Types
of Czech students
pp. 129-133
Damián KOVÁÈ
Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences,
Dúbravská cesta 9, 813 64 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Abstract: A more or less autobiographical study on post war development of psychology in Slovakia, formerly Czecho-Slovakia. It consists of three parts: the first (animato ed appassionato) contains information about the beginnings of the studies in psychology in Slovakia (1949 - ), about the first steps of basic psychological research following the abolition of psychology in the 50's in Czechoslovakia and about activities at the psychological workcenter at the Slovak Academy of Sciences (1953 - ). In the second part (fructuoso) I am describing and briefly illustrating the main principles of the Bratislava school of experimental psychology from my point of view, as the one who drafted them. In this part I try to substantiate the idea that psychology is a science of man (not a social science nor behavioral one), that its research subject is the regulation of behavior through psychological reflection, that psychological phenomena exist in interfunctional relationships with biological determination and with the effects of variously active environment and, finally, that personality is a unit of endogenous and exogenous factors formed by one's own "self" as long as an individual has the will and ability to do so (meaning of life). In the last part (quasi finale) I am presenting my own experiences with research, pedagogical, organizational, editorial and application activities in psychology.
Key words: psychology studies, sciences of man, psychological
regulation, method integration, personality, laterality, quality
of life
pp. 135-147