Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
Volume 45 / No. 1 / 1997
Ladislav ANDRÁŠIK
An Animated economy is a computer aided virtual system consisted from
several agents and institutions. In other word it is a set of virtualised
economic agents and a set of restriction on agent's behaviours in uncertain
environment. Its role is to allow agents to coexist in shared uncertain
environment in such a way that all system is able live (i.g. survive) and/or
evolve in steady state for a long time. The second best role of this virtual
economy is to allow agents pursue their respective goals in the presence
of other agents in such a mode that whole system not come to sharp conflict
with state of Pareto optima.
This article argues that animated economy can play a decisive role in the
holistic compatibility between micro- and macro-economics. This is because
of integration of ontogenetical, phylogenetical and sociogenetical learning
by evolution in economic systems and learning by succession in their environment.
I propose this animated economic system as an artificial means to be able
to run several computer simulations of economic experiments on the basis
of real dates and under minimised subjective prejudice of experimentator.
The output of such experiments may be used for several useful economic
generalisations.
My methodology I was been beginning to create in past sixties. (Because
I was formerly the officer in antiaircraft rackets division in army) it
was built on the theory of pursuing. Immediately, as sun as the middle
of seventies I understand that I have to do with the knowledge and methodology
of mathematical biology and ecology. At present I am trying integrate that
methodology with autopoiesis, synergetics and first of all with theory
of artificial intelligence and with theory of neural networks.
Peter PLAVČAN
The article formulates the basic theoretical starting points and principles
of transformation of financing higher education in the Slovak Republic
from the aspect of diversifying traditional and non-traditional financial
sources for higher education and participation of individual subjects engaged
in education.
The present social changes have a full impact on the schooling system as
well, not excluding the higher education institutions. Financial means
expended on education are usually regarded traditionally, as social expenditure,
which through social division are used in the spiritual-cultural sphere
for education out of sources formed in the material-production sphere.
Economically, these financial means are viewed as consumption. This economic
aspect is, however, but a part of formation of sources for education. A
complex evaluation ought to take into consideration the fact, that education
in undoubtedly the most important part of creating qualified work force.
Through acquiring the needed education, the basic preconditions are created
for performing a qualified, namely more complicated work.
Education and erudition have particular significance also in the sphere
of increasing the productivity of work, namely in all branches of the national
economy, i.e. in non-material branches as well. Education and learning
become increasingly the subject matter not only of social interest, but
also of personal interest of individuals. The level of education acquired
is becoming a decisive criterion of finding an ambitious job and job position.
Vladimír BALÁŽ
Many regions in Slovakia suffer from declining heavy industry, underdevelopment or peripheral location. Slovakia, as a potential member of the EU, could expect to receive aid from Structural Funds and a large part of these would be allocated to tourism industry. Tourism is a very promising regional development factor, but a lack of tourism management and marketing bodies limits development of a modern tourism industry. The paper presents a model of regional tourism management for Slovakia. The model includes: (1) the goals of regional tourism development, (2) regional tourism policies and (3) the system of 7 regional tourist bodies. This research was undertaken with support from the European Commission's Phare ACE Programme, 1995. The tourism development model is based on experiences of the DG XXIII.
Marian MATUŠOVIČ
The main aim of this article is definition and characteristics of bonds
and description of development of primary and secondary bond markets in
Slovakia since 1990. The rules governing the treatment of bonds and other
securities in Slovakia are contained in the Act 600/1992 Coll. - Securities
Act and in the Act 530/1990 Coll. on Bonds, as amended. The bonds (other
than FNM bonds) may be traded solely at the BCPB market through BCPB members.
The gradual interest of companies in alternative financial sources obtained
through bond issues, which has become particularly evident since 1993,
is also due to the developments with respect to the interest rate on loans
and the return on bonds. Bonds, which have been a rarely used source of
financing, are becoming more and more appealing on the capital market,
both for companies and the State. The evolution described above is evidenced
showing the developments in the interest rates on medium-term loans compared
with the return on bonds issued by companies for the last three years.
The overall volume of bonds issued so far, which were negotiable on the
Slovak capital market on December 31, 1996, was SKK 119,3 billion (of which
SKK 51,66 billion are government bonds, SKK 33,2 billion FNM bonds, SKK
20,13 billion corporate bonds, SKK 13,17 billion bank bonds and SKK 1,18
billion municipal bonds). The bond transactions on the secondary market
are carried out through BCPB and RMS (FNM bond). The share of bond transactions
on the overall deals on the secondary capital market was quite variable
- 46 % in 1993 (SKK 77 million), 14 % in 1994 (SKK 855 million), 38 % in
1995 (SKK 15 338 million), and 27 % in 1996 (SKK 30 986 million). These
figures confirm that bonds have become a significant instrument of capital
market in Slovakia.